Part VI: The States
Articles 152–237 · Part VI mirrors Part V at the state level — the Governor, the State Council of Ministers, State Legislatures, and the High Courts. Together with Part V, it forms the operational backbone of India's federal structure.
The provisions in this Part cited most often
With landmark Supreme Court cases that shaped how they're actually applied.
Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor
Like the President, the Governor is normally bound to act on the advice of the State Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, though Governors retain slightly wider situational discretion than the President in specific circumstances.
Governor's assent to State Bills
The Governor can assent to a Bill, withhold assent, return it for reconsideration, or reserve it for the President's consideration — a power that has triggered major recent disputes when Governors sat on Bills indefinitely instead of acting.
High Courts' power to issue writs
Gives every High Court power to issue writs not just for Fundamental Rights (like Article 32) but for 'any other purpose' — making Article 226 an even broader remedy than the Supreme Court's own writ jurisdiction.
All of Articles 152–237
Grouped by subject so related provisions stay together — every article number in this Part is covered below.
Definition
This opening Article historically excluded Jammu & Kashmir from Part VI's standard state-government provisions, reflecting its former special constitutional status under Article 370.
Governors of States
This Article establishes the office of Governor as each state's head — mirroring the President's role at the Union level.
Executive Power of State
This Article vests each state's executive power in the Governor — closely mirroring Article 53's Union-level equivalent — while allowing that power to be exercised through subordinate officers (which, per Article 163, means the state's own Council of Ministers acting in the Governor's name in practice).
Appointment of Governor
Unlike the President (indirectly elected) or the Union's Prime Minister (drawn from the elected legislature), a state's Governor is directly APPOINTED by the President — reflecting the office's role as, in part, a representative of Union interests within state governance, alongside its role as the state's own constitutional head.
Term of Office of Governor
This Article sets a nominal 5-year term for a Governor, but crucially, they hold office 'during the pleasure of the President' — meaning, in practice, the Union government can effectively have a Governor removed or replaced well before that 5-year term ends, without the elaborate impeachment-style process protecting other senior constitutional offices.
Qualifications for Appointment as Governor
This Article sets minimal eligibility requirements for the Governor's office — Indian citizenship and a minimum age of 35 — notably simpler and less extensive than the President's own qualification requirements under Article 58, without any specific 'no office of profit' bar written directly into this particular Article.
Conditions of Governor's Office
This Article ensures the Governor's office is held exclusively (no simultaneous Parliament/State Legislature membership, no other office of profit), while guaranteeing appropriate official residence and emoluments — with a specific provision (clause 3A) for allocating costs proportionally when one Governor serves multiple states simultaneously.
Oath or Affirmation by the Governor
This Article requires the Governor to take office with a specific oath — administered by the state's own High Court Chief Justice (mirroring how the Union Chief Justice administers the President's oath) — with wording specifically including devotion to 'the service and well-being of the people of' that particular state, alongside the standard commitment to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution.
Discharge of the Functions of the Governor in Certain Contingencies
This Article gives the President flexible power to address genuinely unforeseen contingencies affecting who performs a Governor's functions — a catch-all provision similar in spirit to Article 70's Union-level equivalent, ensuring state governance never lacks a functioning Governor-equivalent authority.
Power of Governor to Grant Pardons, etc., and to Suspend, Remit or Commute Sentences in Certain Cases
This Article gives the Governor a clemency power parallel to the President's Article 72 power, but importantly LIMITED to offences against laws within the state's own executive power — and notably, unlike the President, the Governor does NOT have specific power over death sentences as a category unto itself (the President's Article 72 power specifically covers all death sentences nationwide, regardless of which government prosecuted the case).
Extent of Executive Power of State
This Article defines a state's executive power scope — generally matching its own legislative competence (State List and, with the proviso's qualification, Concurrent List matters), while making clear that on Concurrent List subjects, the state's executive power is subordinate to any specific Union executive power the Constitution or Parliament has established.
Council of Ministers to Aid and Advise Governor
This is the state-level equivalent of Article 74 — the Chief Minister-led Council of Ministers aids and advises the Governor, who generally must act on that advice, EXCEPT in areas the Constitution specifically requires the Governor to exercise personal discretion.
Other Provisions as to Ministers
The state-level counterpart to Article 75 — the Governor appoints the Chief Minister directly but other Ministers only on the CM's advice, with the same 91st Amendment 15% cap on Council of Ministers size (with a specific MINIMUM of 12 ministers for smaller Assemblies, ensuring adequate ministerial capacity even in small states), and the same 6-month grace period for a non-legislator to become a Minister.
Advocate-General for the State
The state-level equivalent of the Union's Attorney General (Article 76) — the Advocate-General is a state's chief law officer, someone qualified to be a High Court judge, who advises the state government on legal matters and represents it in litigation.
Conduct of Business of the Government of a State
The state-level mirror of Article 77 — every state executive action is formally expressed as taken 'in the name of the Governor', with proper authentication protecting orders from being challenged just because the Governor personally didn't sign them, and the Governor setting rules for how state government business is conducted and allocated among ministers.
Duties of Chief Minister as Respects the Furnishing of Information to Governor, etc.
The state-level counterpart to Article 78 — the Chief Minister has a specific constitutional duty to keep the Governor informed of Cabinet decisions and legislative proposals, and to bring individual ministers' decisions before the full Council if the Governor specifically requests it.
Constitution of Legislatures in States
This Article establishes that each state's legislature includes the Governor plus either one House (Legislative Assembly only) or two Houses (Legislative Assembly plus Legislative Council, for states that have chosen this bicameral structure).
Abolition or Creation of Legislative Councils in States
This Article gives states the power to change their own bicameral structure — but only Parliament can actually implement it, and only after the state's own Legislative Assembly first passes a resolution (with a demanding special majority: both a majority of total membership AND two-thirds of those present and voting) requesting either the creation or abolition of its Legislative Council.
Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
This Article sets the size range for State Legislative Assemblies (between 60 and 500 members, depending on the state's population), all directly elected from territorial constituencies, with the same population-to-seat ratio consistency principle used for Lok Sabha constituencies.
Composition of the Legislative Councils
This Article sets a Legislative Council's size (capped at one-third of the Assembly's size, minimum 40 members) and its distinctive, unusual composition — unlike the fully directly-elected Assembly, the Council draws members through several different specific electorates: local body representatives, graduates, teachers, Assembly members' own selection, and Governor nominations, creating a genuinely different, more indirect representative character than the Assembly.
Duration of State Legislatures
This Article mirrors Article 83's Union-level structure at the state level — the Legislative Assembly has a fixed 5-year term (extendable during a National Emergency, similar to the Lok Sabha), while a Legislative Council (where it exists) is permanent, with roughly one-third of members retiring every two years on a rotating basis, just like the Rajya Sabha.
Qualification for Membership of the State Legislature
This Article mirrors Article 84's Union-level qualification requirements at the state level — Indian citizenship, taking the prescribed oath, and minimum age (25 for Legislative Assembly, 30 for Legislative Council — the same age differential logic as the Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha distinction), plus whatever Parliament might additionally prescribe.
Sessions of the State Legislature, Prorogation and Dissolution
This Article mirrors Article 85's Union-level session requirements at the state level — the same maximum 6-month gap between sessions, and the Governor's formal power to summon, prorogue, or dissolve (the Assembly specifically), exercised in practice on ministerial advice.
Right of Governor to Address and Send Messages to the House or Houses
The state-level mirror of Article 86 — the Governor can address the State Legislature (requiring attendance) and send formal messages about pending bills or other matters, which the House must promptly consider.
Special Address by the Governor
The state-level counterpart to Article 87 — the Governor must deliver an annual address at the start of each year's first session (and after each general election), outlining the government's agenda, with the House specifically setting aside time to debate it.
Rights of Ministers as Respects the Houses
The state-level mirror of Article 88 — state Ministers and the Advocate-General can speak and participate in either House's proceedings (in states with a Legislative Council) regardless of which specific House they're actually a member of, though without voting rights unless they're an actual member of that House.
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
The state-level mirror of Article 93 — the Legislative Assembly chooses both its Speaker and Deputy Speaker entirely from among its own elected members, reflecting the same self-governing principle for choosing presiding officers as the Lok Sabha.
Vacation and Resignation of, and Removal From, the Offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
The state-level mirror of Article 94 — covering how a State Assembly Speaker or Deputy Speaker's tenure ends, whether through losing Assembly membership, resignation, or removal by majority Assembly resolution (with the same mandatory 14-day notice safeguard).
Power of the Deputy Speaker or Other Person to Perform the Duties of the Office of, or to Act as, Speaker
The state-level mirror of Article 95 — the same clear succession chain for the State Assembly's presiding officer, ensuring continuous coverage whether through the Deputy Speaker or a Governor-appointed substitute if needed.
The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker Not to Preside While a Resolution for His Removal From Office Is Under Consideration
The same natural-justice principle applied at the state level — a Speaker facing their own removal motion can't preside over that specific debate, though they retain the right to speak in their own defence, mirroring Article 96's Lok Sabha equivalent.
The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council
Unlike the Rajya Sabha (whose Chairman is the externally-appointed Vice-President), a state's Legislative Council chooses BOTH its Chairman and Deputy Chairman entirely from among its own members — a notably different design from the Union's Upper House arrangement.
Vacation and Resignation of, and Removal From, the Offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman
The Legislative Council's version of Article 90's Rajya Sabha framework — the same rules for how a Chairman or Deputy Chairman's tenure ends, whether through loss of membership, resignation, or removal by a majority Council resolution with the mandatory 14-day notice.
Power of the Deputy Chairman or Other Person to Perform the Duties of the Office of, or to Act as, Chairman
The same clear succession chain applied to a Legislative Council's presiding officer — mirroring Article 91's Rajya Sabha equivalent, ensuring continuous presiding coverage.
The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman Not to Preside While a Resolution for His Removal From Office Is Under Consideration
The same natural-justice principle applied to a Legislative Council's Chairman — they can't preside over their own removal debate, though they retain the right to speak and defend themselves, mirroring the pattern seen across every other presiding officer's removal process throughout the Constitution.
Salaries and Allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
The state-level mirror of Article 97 — ensures these key state presiding officers receive defined compensation, set by the State Legislature itself through ordinary law, with the Second Schedule providing default figures.
Secretariat of State Legislature
The state-level mirror of Article 98 — each House has its own dedicated secretariat (with flexibility for shared/common positions), and the State Legislature itself (not the ordinary state civil service) regulates recruitment and conditions of service for this staff.
Oath or Affirmation by Members
The state-level mirror of Article 99 — every MLA/MLC must take this oath (administered by the Governor or their designate) before taking their seat, with the same core commitment to constitutional allegiance and India's sovereignty and integrity.
Voting in Houses, Power of Houses to Act Notwithstanding Vacancies and Quorum
The state-level mirror of Article 100's voting and quorum rules — simple majority voting (with the presiding officer generally not voting except to break a tie), and a specific quorum requirement (the greater of 10 members or one-tenth of total membership, slightly different phrasing from the Union's pure one-tenth rule, but functionally similar).
Vacation of Seats
The state-level mirror of Article 101 — bars simultaneously holding seats in both Houses of one state's legislature, or in the legislatures of two different states; automatically vacates a seat upon Article 191 disqualification; and lets a House declare a seat vacant for unexplained 60-day absence.
Disqualifications for Membership
The state-level mirror of Article 102 — the same grounds disqualifying someone from being an MLA/MLC: holding a government office of profit, unsound mind, insolvency, non-citizenship, or Parliament-specified disqualification, PLUS the Tenth Schedule anti-defection disqualification.
Decision on Questions as to Disqualifications of Members
The state-level mirror of Article 103 — the Governor formally decides disputed non-defection disqualification questions, but MUST first obtain and act according to the Election Commission's opinion, making the Election Commission the real substantive decision-maker channeled through the Governor's formal authority.
Penalty for Sitting and Voting Before Making Oath or Affirmation Under Article 188 or When Not Qualified or When Disqualified
The state-level mirror of Article 104 — the same specific financial penalty (₹500/day, now largely nominal) for knowingly sitting or voting despite not having taken the required oath or being disqualified.
Powers, Privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the Members and Committees Thereof
The state-level mirror of Article 105 — MLAs enjoy the same freedom of speech within their Legislature and immunity from court proceedings for anything said or voted on during proceedings, protecting robust legislative debate at the state level too.
Salaries and Allowances of Members
The state-level mirror of Article 106 — the State Legislature itself determines its own members' salaries and allowances through ordinary legislation, mirroring the Union Parliament's equivalent self-determination power.
Provisions as to Introduction and Passing of Bills
The state-level mirror of Article 107 — in states with a Legislative Council, an ordinary Bill can originate in either House and generally needs both Houses' agreement (subject to Money Bill exceptions); in single-House states, this is naturally simpler since there's only one House to pass through.
Restriction on Powers of Legislative Council as to Bills Other Than Money Bills
This Article establishes a crucial structural difference from the Union's own bicameral system — a state's Legislative Council has genuinely LIMITED, mostly delaying power over ordinary bills: if the Assembly passes a bill a second time after the Council rejects or delays it, the bill is deemed passed regardless of the Council's continued objection.
Special Procedure in Respect of Money Bills
The state-level mirror of Article 109 — a Money Bill can only be introduced in the Legislative Assembly, and the Legislative Council has just 14 days to make non-binding recommendations before the bill proceeds regardless, mirroring the Rajya Sabha's similarly limited Money Bill role.
Definition of 'Money Bills'
The state-level mirror of Article 110 — the same precise definition of what qualifies as a Money Bill, with the same significant concentration of authority: the STATE ASSEMBLY SPEAKER's decision on whether a bill qualifies is final, mirroring (and sharing) the same contested-finality issues as the Union-level equivalent.
Assent to Bills
This Article gives the Governor options mirroring the President's (assent, withhold, or return for reconsideration — after which repassage compels assent) but with ONE crucial addition unique to the state level: the Governor can also RESERVE the Bill for the President's consideration, effectively passing the decision up to the Union level entirely — a power with no direct Union-level equivalent and one that has become genuinely significant and contentious in recent Centre-State relations.
Bills Reserved for Consideration
This Article covers what happens once a Governor has reserved a state Bill for the President — the President can assent or withhold assent, and (for non-Money Bills) can similarly direct reconsideration by the state legislature.
Annual Financial Statement
The state-level mirror of Article 112 — the constitutional basis for each state's own annual Budget, with the same distinction between 'charged' expenditure (no annual vote required) and other expenditure requiring specific legislative approval.
Procedure in Legislature With Respect to Estimates
The state-level mirror of Article 113 — the same 'charged' vs.
Appropriation Bills
The state-level mirror of Article 114 — requires a specific Appropriation Bill to formally authorise actual withdrawal of approved money from the state's Consolidated Fund, the same necessary follow-up step after the Assembly's spending demand approvals.
Supplementary, Additional or Excess Grants
The state-level mirror of Article 115 — handles situations where the original state Budget proves insufficient during the year, or where spending already exceeded what was authorised, requiring the state government to seek supplementary approval or retroactive authorisation.
Votes on Account, Votes of Credit and Exceptional Grants
The state-level mirror of Article 116 — the same three special financial mechanisms (votes on account, votes of credit, and exceptional grants) available to the State Legislature to handle timing gaps, genuinely unforeseeable needs, and one-off exceptional spending.
Special Provisions as to Financial Bills
The state-level mirror of Article 117 — Financial Bills (broader than pure Money Bills) require the Governor's prior recommendation for introduction, and specific Money-Bill-adjacent matters can't be introduced in a Legislative Council at all, mirroring the Union's equivalent framework.
Rules of Procedure
The state-level mirror of Article 118 — each House sets its own detailed procedural rules, subject to the Constitution's overarching framework, with the Governor (after consulting the relevant presiding officer) setting rules specifically for inter-House communication where a state has two Houses.
Regulation by Law of Procedure in the Legislature of the State in Relation to Financial Business
The state-level mirror of Article 119 — the State Legislature can regulate its own financial-business procedures through actual legislation to ensure timely Budget completion, with such a law prevailing over conflicting internal House rules if needed.
Language to Be Used in the Legislature
The state-level mirror of Article 120 — State Legislature business is conducted in that state's own official language(s), or Hindi or English, with the same flexibility for a member to address the House in their mother tongue with the presiding officer's permission if needed.
Restriction on Discussion in the Legislature
The state-level mirror of Article 121 — bars State Legislatures from discussing judges' conduct in discharging their judicial duties, protecting judicial independence at the state legislative level too.
Courts Not to Inquire Into Proceedings of the Legislature
The state-level mirror of Article 122 — the same judicial hands-off principle for purely procedural irregularities in State Legislature proceedings, and the same protection for officials (like the Speaker) exercising internal regulatory powers.
Power of Governor to Promulgate Ordinances During Recess of Legislature
The state-level mirror of Article 123 — the same Ordinance-making power when the State Legislature isn't in session, with the same 6-week lapse rule after reassembly.
High Courts for States
This Article establishes each state's own High Court, while allowing Parliament flexibility to create a single common High Court serving multiple states (or states and a Union Territory) together, where practical — as with the Punjab and Haryana High Court, or the Guwahati High Court serving several Northeastern states.
High Courts to Be Courts of Record
This Article gives every High Court the same 'court of record' status and inherent contempt power that Article 129 gives the Supreme Court — its proceedings and judgments are officially recorded with evidentiary value, and it can punish contempt of itself directly under this constitutional authority.
Constitution of High Courts
This Article establishes each High Court's basic composition — a Chief Justice plus additional judges, with the total number determined by the President based on the Court's actual workload needs, rather than a fixed constitutional number (unlike the Supreme Court's specific 33-judge cap under Article 124).
Appointment and Conditions of the Office of a Judge of a High Court
This Article covers High Court judge appointments — through a multi-party consultation process (Chief Justice of India, the state's Governor, and the relevant High Court's own Chief Justice), with judges serving until age 62 (notably younger than the Supreme Court's 65), and removal following the SAME demanding process as Supreme Court judges under Article 124(4).
Application of Certain Provisions Relating to Supreme Court to High Courts
This short Article extends specific Supreme Court judge-removal provisions (the demanding two-House impeachment-style process and 'proved misbehaviour or incapacity' standard) to High Court judges too, ensuring the same rigorous protection applies at both levels of India's higher judiciary.
Oath or Affirmation by Judges of High Courts
This Article requires every High Court judge to take a specific oath — administered by the state's Governor (or their appointee) — before assuming office, committing to faithfully perform judicial duties and uphold the Constitution and laws.
Restriction on Practice After Being a Permanent Judge
This Article bars a retired permanent High Court judge from practising law before any court EXCEPT the Supreme Court and other High Courts — specifically preventing them from appearing before their own former court (or lower courts), to avoid any perception of undue influence given their recent judicial status there.
Salaries, etc., of Judges
This Article mirrors Article 125's Supreme Court salary protection at the High Court level — defined salaries set by Parliament (notably by the UNION Parliament, not the state legislature, even though High Court judges primarily serve within a specific state), with the same crucial 'no disadvantageous variation after appointment' protection.
Transfer of a Judge From One High Court to Another
This Article gives the President (after consulting the Chief Justice of India) power to transfer a High Court judge from one state's High Court to another — historically a significant, occasionally controversial tool, since transfers have sometimes been perceived as a way to indirectly pressure judges through professional and personal disruption.
Appointment of Acting Chief Justice
The High Court mirror of Article 126 — ensures continuous leadership even during a vacancy or a sitting Chief Justice's temporary unavailability, with the President appointing another sitting judge to act in that role.
Appointment of Additional and Acting Judges
This Article gives the President flexibility to temporarily bolster a High Court's judicial strength — either through 'additional Judges' (for genuine, temporary caseload surges, appointed for up to 2 years) or 'acting Judges' (covering for a specific judge's temporary unavailability) — without needing to permanently expand the Court's regular judge complement.
Appointment of Retired Judges at Sittings of High Courts
This is the High Court mirror of Article 128 — lets a Chief Justice (with the President's prior consent) call upon a genuinely retired former High Court judge to temporarily sit and act as a judge again, drawing on experienced former judges when specifically needed.
Jurisdiction of Existing High Courts
A continuity-preserving Article — it ensured existing (pre-1950) High Courts' jurisdiction and administrative powers continued unchanged into the new constitutional framework, subject to whatever the Constitution itself or subsequent competent legislation might specify otherwise.
Power of High Courts to Issue Certain Writs
This is one of the Constitution's most powerful and frequently-used provisions — it gives every High Court writ-issuing power that's actually BROADER in one key respect than the Supreme Court's own Article 32 power: while Article 32 is limited to Fundamental Rights enforcement, Article 226 extends to 'any other purpose' too, letting High Courts address a vast range of administrative and legal wrongs beyond just Part III violations.
(Repealed) Constitutional Validity of Central Laws Not to Be Considered in Certain Writ Petitions
Another Emergency-era centralising provision, closely related to the also-repealed Article 131A — it would have significantly narrowed High Courts' writ jurisdiction by removing their power to examine central laws' constitutional validity, concentrating that specific power exclusively in the Supreme Court.
Power of Superintendence Over All Courts by the High Court
This Article gives every High Court broad supervisory ('superintendence') power over all subordinate courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction — including power to call for information, set procedural rules, and generally oversee the proper functioning of the entire lower judicial and quasi-judicial system in that state.
Transfer of Certain Cases to High Court
This Article lets a High Court pull a case up from a subordinate court within its jurisdiction if it involves a substantial constitutional interpretation question — the High Court can either decide the whole case itself, or just resolve the specific constitutional question and send the case back to the lower court to finish, applying that ruling.
(Repealed) Special Provisions as to Disposal of Questions Relating to Constitutional Validity of State Laws
The state-law counterpart to the also-repealed Article 144A — this provision similarly aimed to make it structurally harder for courts (here, specifically High Courts examining state laws) to exercise effective judicial review, requiring larger benches and specific procedural hurdles before striking down state legislation.
Officers and Servants and the Expenses of High Courts
The High Court mirror of Article 146 — the Chief Justice (not the state executive) controls appointing the Court's own administrative staff, with the Court's expenses charged upon the state's Consolidated Fund, insulating it from annual legislative vote-by-vote negotiation.
Extension of Jurisdiction of High Courts to Union Territories
This Article gives Parliament flexibility to extend (or withdraw) a state High Court's jurisdiction over a Union Territory — this is why, as noted under Part VIII, many smaller UTs don't have their own dedicated High Court but instead fall under a neighbouring state's High Court's extended jurisdiction.
Establishment of a Common High Court for Two or More States
This Article provides the detailed mechanism for the common High Court arrangement Article 214(2) generally permits — when Parliament creates a shared High Court, references to 'the Governor' in the appointment and related provisions are read as the GOVERNORS (plural) of all the states served, acting jointly, ensuring each state retains a meaningful voice even in a shared judicial institution.
(Repealed) Interpretation
This was a definitional Article whose specific content became unnecessary once the 1956 States Reorganisation Amendment restructured related provisions elsewhere in this Chapter, leading to its formal removal as part of that broader legislative cleanup.
Appointment of District Judges
This Article establishes how District Judges — the senior-most judicial officers at the district level, below the High Court — are appointed: by the Governor, but specifically in consultation with the High Court, with a minimum 7-year advocate/pleader experience requirement for those coming directly from legal practice rather than existing judicial service.
Validation of Appointments of, and Judgments, etc., Delivered by, Certain District Judges
Added in 1967 after certain District Judge appointments in some states were found not to have properly followed Article 233's consultation requirement, this Article specifically VALIDATED those past appointments and everything decided by those judges — preventing potentially thousands of judgments and orders from being thrown into legal chaos over a technical appointment defect.
Recruitment of Persons Other Than District Judges to the Judicial Service
This Article covers recruitment for judicial officers BELOW the District Judge level (like Civil Judges and Magistrates) — appointed by the Governor according to specific rules, made after consulting both the State Public Service Commission AND the High Court, ensuring both administrative and judicial input into this important recruitment process.
Control Over Subordinate Courts
This Article gives the High Court comprehensive administrative CONTROL over the entire subordinate judicial service within its jurisdiction — postings, promotions, and leave for junior judicial officers — while specifically protecting those officers' existing service-condition rights (like appeal rights) from being overridden by this control.
Interpretation
This Article defines the key terms used throughout this Chapter on Subordinate Courts — clarifying that 'district judge' actually covers a whole range of equivalent-level judicial titles used across different states and court types (city civil courts, sessions courts, presidency magistrates, and more), and precisely defining what counts as the 'judicial service'.
Application of the Provisions of This Chapter to Certain Class or Classes of Magistrates
This closing Article of Part VI gives the Governor flexibility to extend this Chapter's protections and framework (originally designed for the regular judicial service) to specific classes of magistrates too — recognising that magistrates, while sometimes formally distinct from the main judicial service, exercise genuinely judicial functions warranting similar treatment.
Related rights categories
Quick answers about this Part
Can a Governor refuse to sign a Bill indefinitely?
Is the High Court's writ power the same as the Supreme Court's?
This is a plain-language guide to Part VI of the Constitution of India for general educational purposes, not a substitute for the bare text of the Constitution or professional legal advice. Article numbering and content reflect amendments up to 2026; always cross-check the authoritative text at india.gov.in or legislative.gov.in before relying on it for a legal matter.